Göbekli Tepe (Gobekli Tepe): The First Temple Older Than Stonehenge

Embark on a journey through time as we delve into the mysteries and marvels of Göbekli Tepe, a fascinating archaeological site that stands as the first temple, predating even the renowned Stonehenge. Nestled in the southeastern region of modern-day Turkey, Göbekli Tepe is a testament to the ingenuity and advanced societal development of our ancient ancestors.

As you plan your travels to Turkey, this extraordinary destination demands a place on your itinerary, offering a glimpse into a world older than Stonehenge itself. In this exploration, we will uncover the historical significance, architectural marvels, and the rich cultural tapestry that Göbekli Tepe contributes to the legacy of human civilization.

Join us on this archaeological adventure as we unravel the secrets of the past on your Turkey tours.

What is the History of the Turkish Gobekli Tepe Temple?

Göbekli Tepe, often referred to as the world's first temple, stands as a remarkable testament to early Neolithic ingenuity. This ancient site, located in the southeastern region of Turkey near the city of Şanlıurfa, was first discovered in 1963 during surveys conducted by a team from Istanbul University, led by Turkish archaeologist Şanlıurfa Halet Çambel and American assistant Robert Braidwood. The hill, known as Göbekli Tepe or "Hill of Navel," is now recognized as one of the earliest manifestations of human-made monumental architecture from the pre-pottery Neolithic age.

Built over 11,000 years ago, Göbekli Tepe is distinguished by its megalithic structures, featuring large, carved stone pillars, some adorned with intricate reliefs of wild animals. The site's significance lies not only in its architectural complexity but also in its role as a place of worship or ritual. The carved stone pillars, particularly pillar 43, showcase a variety of animal reliefs, providing insight into the symbolic and possibly religious practices of the ancient people who inhabited this early Neolithic site.

Göbekli Tepe sits at the northern edge of the ancient city of Şanlıurfa, offering a glimpse into the early Neolithic period when humans were transitioning from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agricultural communities. This transition is reflected in the radiocarbon dates obtained from the site, placing its construction during a time when the world was emerging from the grip of the last Ice Age.

The archaeological significance of Göbekli Tepe extends beyond its impressive architecture and carved stone pillars. The site's intentional burial by its builders has preserved it remarkably well, contributing to ongoing excavations and research. The presence of animal bones yet to be domesticated suggests a deep connection to the natural environment and a society still in the early stages of agricultural development.

Göbekli Tepe is not the only ancient site in the region; nearby Karahan Tepe is another significant archaeological site that adds to our understanding of the early Neolithic period. Both Göbekli Tepe and Karahan Tepe are considered crucial in unraveling the mysteries of human history and the evolution of human-made monumental architecture during this ancient era.

In 2018, Göbekli Tepe earned its place on the UNESCO World Heritage List, solidifying its status as one of the most important archaeological sites in the world. Today, ongoing excavations at Göbekli Tepe, led by archaeologists and researchers from institutions like Istanbul University and the National Center, continue to unveil the secrets of this extraordinary site, revealing more about the world's first temple and its place in the complex tapestry of human history.

What is the age difference between the Gobekli Tepe and Stonehenge?

Gobekli Tepe, located in southeastern Turkey, is an archaeological site that has left even the most seasoned researchers scratching their heads. Discovered in the 1960s by a team of archaeologists led by Klaus Schmidt, Gobekli Tepe is believed to be one of the oldest human-made structures in the world. We're talking about a site that dates back an astounding 11,000 to 12,000 years! 

Now, turning our attention to Stonehenge, nestled in the rolling hills of Wiltshire, England. This iconic monument has captured the imaginations of people from all walks of life for centuries. Stonehenge is a prehistoric structure made up of massive standing stones, some weighing as much as 25 tons! The estimated age of Stonehenge is around 4,500 years old. 

The age difference between Gobekli Tepe and Stonehenge is roughly 6,500 to 7,500 years! 

How does ongoing excavation at Göbekli Tepe shed light on early human attempts to domesticate, shaping both the environment and species?

The ongoing excavation at Göbekli Tepe provides a unique window into early human history, offering valuable insights into their attempts to domesticate and shape both the environment and species. As archaeologists unearth the remnants of this ancient site in southeastern Turkey, the evidence suggests a complex interplay between early humans and their surroundings.

The meticulous carvings and structures found at Göbekli Tepe hint at a society actively engaged in manipulating their environment and attempting to domesticate various species. By studying these archaeological remains, researchers aim to unravel the intricate relationship between early human communities and their endeavors to shape and control the world around them.

Explaining the Neolithic Period and Hunter-Gatherer

The Neolithic Period, also known as the New Stone Age, represents a pivotal era in human prehistory marked by significant socio-economic and cultural changes. It is generally considered to have started around 12,000 years ago and lasted until about 2,000 BCE, varying across different regions of the world.

Neolithic Characteristics:

1. Transition to Agriculture: One of the defining features of the Neolithic Period is the shift from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture. Communities began cultivating plants and domesticating animals, leading to the development of agriculture as a primary means of sustenance.

2. Domestication of Plants and Animals: During the Neolithic, humans domesticated key plant species such as wheat, barley, rice, and maize, as well as animals like dogs, goats, sheep, and cattle. This shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture had profound implications for human societies.

3. Sedentary Lifestyle: The advent of agriculture allowed for the establishment of permanent settlements. Humans began living in more stable, fixed locations, leading to the growth of villages and later, towns and cities.

4. Technological Advances: The Neolithic saw advancements in technology, including the production of polished stone tools, pottery, and the development of more sophisticated tools for agriculture.

5. Social Organization: With the establishment of settled communities, social structures became more complex. Specialized roles and occupations emerged, and social hierarchies began to take shape.

6. Artistic and Religious Expression: Neolithic communities engaged in artistic expression, creating pottery, sculptures, and other artifacts. There is also evidence of early religious practices, with the construction of megalithic structures and burial sites.

Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle:

Before the Neolithic Period, during the Paleolithic era, humans lived as hunter-gatherers. Here are some key features of this lifestyle:

1. Nomadic Existence: Hunter-gatherer societies were characterized by a nomadic lifestyle, constantly moving in search of food resources. They relied on hunting, fishing, and foraging for edible plants as their primary means of sustenance.

2. Simple Tools: Paleolithic humans used simple tools made of stone, bone, and wood. These tools were essential for hunting, cutting, and other daily activities.

3. Small Social Groups: Hunter-gatherer societies typically lived in small, mobile groups. Social structures were simpler, and there was often a high degree of egalitarianism within these groups.

4. Dependence on Nature: Hunter-gatherers were highly attuned to their natural environment. Their survival depended on a deep understanding of local flora and fauna, as well as seasonal patterns.

5. Artistic Expression: Despite the challenges of their lifestyle, Paleolithic humans expressed themselves artistically. Cave paintings and carvings found in various locations provide insights into their cultural and symbolic practices.

The transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture during the Neolithic Period was a transformative moment in human history, laying the groundwork for the development of complex societies and civilizations.

Is Göbekli Tepe a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

Göbeklitepe, acclaimed as the world's oldest temple and situated in southeastern Turkey, was officially added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2018, marking a significant achievement. The site had held a place on UNESCO's World Heritage Tentative List since 2011.

Described as "the world's oldest known megalithic structure located in Upper Mesopotamia and dating back to 11,000 years," Gobekli tepe's inclusion brings Turkey's count of UNESCO-listed heritage sites to 18.

This accomplishment is attributed to the collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the Turkish National Commission for UNESCO, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Noteworthy preparations for its candidacy included the installation of a 4,000-square-meter steel roof designed to protect the site.

When is the best time of year to visit the Gobekli Tepe?

The Gobekli Tepe is situated in southeastern Turkey, where the climate can be quite diverse throughout the year. The best time to visit largely depends on your personal preferences and what kind of experience you're looking for. Let's delve into the different seasons and what they have to offer.

If you're a fan of mild weather and pleasant temperatures, then the spring months of April and May might be your cup of tea. During this time, the Gobekli Tepe awakens from its winter slumber, and nature comes alive with vibrant blossoms and lush greenery. The average temperature hovers around a comfortable 20-25 degrees Celsius (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit), making it an ideal time for outdoor exploration.

On the flip side, if you're more inclined towards avoiding the crowds and relishing the Gobekli Tepe in serene solitude, winter might be your best bet. From November to February, the site sees fewer visitors, allowing you to immerse yourself in its ancient beauty without feeling rushed. However, do brace yourself for cooler temperatures, ranging from a chilly 5-15 degrees Celsius (41-59 degrees Fahrenheit).

How much does it cost to visit the Gobekli Tepe?

While entry to the archaeological site itself is free, there are a few other expenses to consider. Firstly, transportation: depending on where you're coming from, you may need to factor in the cost of flights, train tickets, or fuel for your road trip. Secondly, accommodation: Gobekli Tepe is in close proximity to the city of Sanlıurfa, which offers a range of lodging options to suit every budget. Lastly, there's the inevitable expense of meals and other miscellaneous spending. So, be sure to plan your budget accordingly to make the most of your trip!

What time does the Gobekli Tepe open? Which days is it open?

Moving on to the opening hours of the Gobekli Tepe, it generally welcomes visitors from 9 in the morning until 6 in the evening. However, please note that these hours may vary depending on the season and any ongoing renovations or maintenance work. Therefore, it's always a good idea to check the official website or contact the site's administration for the most up-to-date information.

As for the days of operation, the Gobekli Tepe is typically open every day of the week, including weekends. This allows you the flexibility to choose a day that works best for you and your travel plans. Whether you're a busy bee exploring during the workweek or a weekend warrior seeking adventure, the Gobekli Tepe will be ready to amaze you whenever you decide to visit.

What type of architecture is the Gobekli Tepe renowned for?

Göbekli Tepe is renowned for its unique and monumental architecture, which is characterized as megalithic and monumental. The site features large, circular structures, often referred to as temples or ceremonial enclosures, each surrounded by massive T-shaped pillars. These pillars are made of limestone and stand upright in the ground, reaching heights of up to 16 feet (5 meters) and weighing several tons.

Key architectural features of Göbekli Tepe include:

1. T-Shaped Pillars: The most distinctive element of Göbekli Tepe's architecture is the T-shaped pillars. These pillars are carved with intricate and detailed reliefs, depicting various animals, symbols, and anthropomorphic figures.

2. Circular Structures: The site consists of multiple circular structures, each with a central pair or cluster of T-shaped pillars. The circular enclosures are surrounded by walls made of unworked stone.

3. Central Pillar Pair: Within each circular structure, there is typically a pair of larger T-shaped pillars placed in the center, often referred to as a central pillar pair. The significance of these central pillars in the overall architectural and symbolic scheme of Göbekli Tepe is a subject of scholarly debate.

4. Carvings and Reliefs: The pillars are adorned with elaborate carvings of animals such as foxes, birds, snakes, and more. These carvings are considered to have symbolic and possibly ritualistic significance.

5. Alignment and Orientation: The circular structures at Göbekli Tepe are carefully aligned, and some researchers suggest that there may be astronomical or celestial alignments in the layout of the pillars, though the exact purpose remains speculative.

6. Burial and Filling: Curiously, Göbekli Tepe was intentionally buried in ancient times, possibly as part of a deliberate ritual or cultural practice. This burial preserved the site for thousands of years until its rediscovery.

Göbekli Tepe's architecture challenges previous assumptions about the capabilities of ancient societies during the Neolithic period. The construction of such elaborate and monumental structures raises intriguing questions about the organization, social complexity, and spiritual practices of the people who built and used Göbekli Tepe.

How safe is it to visit the Gobekli Tepe?

The Gobekli Tepe is a safe haven for all those curious souls looking to explore its wonders. The site is well-maintained, with clear paths for you to tread upon. They've even installed safety barriers to keep you away from any potentially hazardous areas. So, no need to fret about stumbling into danger while you immerse yourself in this ancient marvel.

But, as with any adventure, a little caution goes a long way. Remember to stay hydrated, especially during those scorching summer months. Anatolia can get pretty hot, and you don't want to faint from dehydration while you're taking in the awe-inspiring sights. So, keep a water bottle handy and take regular sips to keep that body hydrated and happy.

Now, I know what you're thinking. "But what about the wild animals, won't they pose a threat?" Well, fear not, my friend. The Gobekli Tepe is surrounded by farmland, so you might come across some cute and cuddly farm animals. But rest assured, they're harmless and won't give you any trouble. Just remember to treat them with respect and give them their space. No need to go all Dr. Dolittle on them!

What is the recommended dress code for visiting the Gobekli Tepe?

When you're heading to the Gobekli Tepe, it's important to dress comfortably. We're talking about those loose, breathable clothes that allow you to move around with ease. You don't want to be all restricted and uncomfortable while exploring this magnificent site. Think shorts, t-shirts, and comfy shoes that won't make your feet scream in agony. Oh, and don't forget your sunnies and a hat to shield yourself from that scorching Anatolian sun!

What is the recommended level of fitness to visit the Gobekli Tepe?

While you don't need to be an Olympic athlete, a decent level of fitness is definitely helpful. You'll be doing a fair bit of walking and climbing, so you want those legs to be in good shape. No need to hit the gym hardcore, though. Just make sure you can handle a moderate amount of physical activity without feeling like you're about to keel over. Take it easy, my friend!

But hey, don't let all this talk about fitness scare you off. The Gobekli Tepe is a place for everyone to enjoy, regardless of their fitness level. If you need a breather, there are plenty of shady spots where you can take a seat, catch your breath, and marvel at the ancient mysteries surrounding you. So, even if you're not a fitness guru, don't let that stop you from experiencing the awe-inspiring Gobekli Tepe!

What is the easiest way to get to the Gobekli Tepe from well-known landmarks in the surrounding area?

Göbekli Tepe is located in the southeastern part of Turkey, near the city of Şanlıurfa. While there isn't a major airport right next to Göbekli Tepe, you can reach the site by flying into Şanlıurfa or nearby cities and then using ground transportation. Here are the general steps from well-known landmarks:

From Şanlıurfa:

1. By Air:

   • Fly into Şanlıurfa GAP Airport (Gaziantep Oğuzeli International Airport) or Adıyaman Airport.
   • From the airport, you can arrange for a taxi or use other transportation options to reach Göbekli Tepe.
     
     

2. By Road:

   • Şanlıurfa is the closest major city to Göbekli Tepe. From Şanlıurfa, you can hire a taxi or use public transportation (buses or shared taxis) to reach the site.
   • The drive to Göbekli Tepe from Şanlıurfa takes approximately 30-40 minutes.

From Other Cities:

1. From Istanbul:

   • Fly from Istanbul to Şanlıurfa GAP Airport or Gaziantep Oğuzeli International Airport.
   • From the airport, proceed as mentioned above.
     
     

2. From Ankara:

   • Fly from Ankara Esenboğa Airport to Şanlıurfa GAP Airport or Gaziantep Oğuzeli International Airport.
   • Alternatively, you can take a bus from Ankara to Şanlıurfa.
     
     

3. From Gaziantep:

   • If flying into Gaziantep Oğuzeli International Airport, you can drive or take a bus to Şanlıurfa and then proceed to Göbekli Tepe.

Transportation Options:

• Taxi: Taxis are readily available in Şanlıurfa and nearby cities. You can hire a taxi for a direct trip to Göbekli Tepe.

• Public Transportation: Shared taxis (dolmuş) and buses operate between Şanlıurfa and nearby towns. You can take these to reach Göbekli Tepe.

• Car Rental: Renting a car provides flexibility and convenience, allowing you to explore the region at your own pace.

It's advisable to check the latest travel conditions and transportation options, as they may vary. Additionally, consider consulting with local tourism offices for the most up-to-date information on reaching Göbekli Tepe from well-known landmarks in the surrounding area.

Frequently Asked Questions regarding the Göbekli Tepe

How was Göbekli Tepe discovered?

The discovery of Göbekli Tepe is quite an interesting tale. In the 1960s, a survey conducted by the University of Istanbul stumbled upon some intriguing stone fragments. However, it wasn't until 1994 when Professor Klaus Schmidt, a German archaeologist, started excavating the site that its true significance emerged. Professor Schmidt recognized the importance of the stone pillars and the extraordinary craftsmanship incorporated into their designs. Since then, ongoing excavations have revealed the hidden wonders of Göbekli Tepe.

Why is Göbekli Tepe significant?

Göbekli Tepe is a game-changer in the world of archaeology. Its discovery has challenged our understanding of human history and our assumptions about the capabilities of ancient societies. This site showcases complex and sophisticated architectural techniques that were thought to have emerged much later in human civilizations. It pushes back the timeline for the development of monumental construction and reveals the profound intelligence and artistry of our ancient ancestors.

Why was Göbekli Tepe eventually abandoned?

While we don't have a definitive answer, there are a few theories floating around. Some experts believe that a changing environment, such as climate shifts or depletion of resources, may have played a role. Others suggest that the emergence of settled farming communities with more permanent structures made Göbekli Tepe less relevant or even a potential threat. Whatever the reason, one thing's for sure, it left behind a fascinating archaeological treasure for us to explore.