The Mosque of Ibn Tulun: Travel back to ancient Egypt with this historic landmark in Cairo

The Mosque of Ibn Tulun is a stunning architectural masterpiece and is the largest mosque in Cairo. It was constructed in the 9th century, during the Abbasid Empire by a renowned Muslim General named Ahmed Ibn Tulun. This mosque is important for its historical and religious significance and because of its unique architecture, which stands out from other mosques in the city.

In this article, we will explore everything there is to know about the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, one of the oldest and most historic mosques in Cairo, Egypt.

The history of the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo

Back in the 9th century, Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish commander, was appointed as governor of the newly-established Abbasid caliphate in Egypt. Being a pious ruler, he wanted to build a mosque that would serve as a central place of worship for the Muslim community in Cairo. And so, in the year 876, construction began on what would come to be known as the Mosque of Ibn Tulun.

Over the centuries, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun has served as a focal point for the Islamic community in Egypt. It has been the site of many important events and ceremonies, including Friday prayers and Eid celebrations. It has also been visited by countless pilgrims from all over the world who come to pay their respects to this historic monument of Islamic architecture.

But the mosque's significance goes far beyond its religious importance. It has also played a crucial role in the cultural and artistic history of Egypt. 

Despite its enduring legacy, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun has not escaped the consequences of time. In recent years, the mosque has undergone some much-needed restoration work to preserve its structural integrity and to ensure that it remains a safe and welcoming place for visitors.

The architecture and design of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun

A marvel of architecture and design that has stood the test of time, an iconic symbol of both religious and architectural significance. One cannot help but admire its grandeur, beauty, and aura of profound spirituality.

The design of the mosque is the epitome of elegance, simplicity, and functionality, combining elements of Ancient Egypt and Islam. The mosque follows a traditional hypostyle design, a layout that features a vast rectangular prayer hall with rows of marble columns supporting the roof. The columns, made of limestone and beautifully carved with lotus-leaf and palm-tree motifs, are a nod to Ancient Egyptian architecture. The main prayer hall is supported by six rows of columns, with one row consisting of two pairs of columns, breaking the monotony created by the other identical rows. This unique feature gives the mosque a visual depth and dynamism that is unparalleled.

The mosque is also graced with a mihrab -- the mosque's focal point, which indicates the direction of Mecca and the Qibla for worshippers. The crowning glory of the mosque, the mihrab, is a masterpiece of intricate detail and finesse, with its stalactite vaults, geometric designs, and Koranic verses. The intricate details of the mihrab are a testament to the exquisite craftsmanship of medieval Islamic artists.

Ibn Tulun Mosque also features a remarkably high minaret that is visible from miles away. The minaret, standing at 92 feet, is a slim structure, with only a staircase leading to the top, providing a stunning panoramic view of the Islamic quarters.

The use of light in the mosque is equally impressive. The mosque features a vast central courtyard, illuminated by natural light that filters through the mashrabiyas (a type of projecting window) and creates a play of light and shadow that evokes a sense of divinity. The use of natural light is a reminder of the importance of light in Islamic architecture and adds to the mosque's mystical appeal.

The mosque's design is also functional, with provisions for water and air conditioning. The construction of a cistern beneath the mosque ensures a constant supply of water, making the mosque a refreshing oasis in the midst of the scorching Egyptian sun. The ventilation system is equally impressive, with vents located at the base of the exterior walls that allow cold air to circulate and keep the mosque cool during the summer months.

The location and accessibility of the Ibn Tulun Mosque

When discussing the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, one cannot ignore its location and accessibility. The mosque is conveniently situated in the heart of Cairo, in the neighborhood of Sayyeda Zeinab. This location makes it easily accessible to locals and tourists alike, as it is located near several major roads and public transportation options. The main entrance to the mosque is on Saliba Street, which is a busy thoroughfare that runs through the heart of the neighborhood.

In addition to its central location, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is also situated in a historic area of Cairo known as Old Cairo. This area is rich in history and culture, with many ancient landmarks and sites to explore. Tourists who visit the mosque can easily combine their visit with a tour of the nearby historic areas, including the Coptic Museum, the Hanging Church, and the Ben Ezra Synagogue. This makes the mosque an ideal stop for those seeking to immerse themselves in the history and culture of Egypt.

The mosque's accessibility is not limited to its location, however. The mosque is also wheelchair accessible, with ramps and elevators available to assist those with mobility challenges. This is an important consideration for many visitors and adds to the mosque's appeal as a destination for all.

One of the most unique aspects of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun's location is the stunning view that it provides. The mosque sits atop a hill, offering visitors a breathtaking view of the surrounding area and the Nile River. This view is particularly spectacular at sunset when the colors of the sky create a stunning backdrop for the mosque's architecture.

In terms of accessibility, the mosque also provides amenities for visitors, such as restrooms and a prayer area. These amenities are clean and well-maintained, ensuring that visitors can comfortably spend time at the mosque and fully appreciate its architecture and history.

When is the best time to visit the Ibn Tulun Mosque?

The best time to visit the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is during the spring months, from March to May. During this time, the weather in Cairo is much more pleasant than at other times of the year, with temperatures ranging from the mid-20s to mid-30s Celsius. This makes it easier to explore the mosque and its surroundings without being overwhelmed by the hot and dry climate. 

Additionally, visiting the mosque during this time means that you'll be able to see it at its best. The mosque has undergone renovation work in recent years, which has restored it to its former glory, and the spring sunshine will illuminate its beauty. 

But, if you can't plan your trip during the spring months, there are still other times that are good to visit. The months of November to January also have comfortable temperatures, ranging from the low-20s to mid-20s Celsius. Although it may rain during this time, it's still great to visit the mosque and experience it in a more peaceful environment due to lower tourist traffic.

However, if you visit during the summer months, from June to August, you will be met with extremely high temperatures. Temperatures can reach up to 40 degrees Celsius, with high humidity levels that can make it uncomfortable to explore the mosque's outdoor areas. This time of year is also peak tourist season, which means that the mosque will be crowded with visitors, making it difficult to fully appreciate its beauty.

What are the opening hours and admission fees for the Ibn Tulun Mosque?

If you're planning a visit to the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, it's important to know the opening hours and admission fees. The mosque is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day, except for Fridays when it opens at 1 p.m. This gives you plenty of time to explore the mosque and appreciate its beauty.

As for the admission fees, they are incredibly affordable. For Egyptian nationals, the admission fee is only 5 Egyptian pounds. For foreigners, the fee is 100 Egyptian pounds. This price differential is common in many tourist destinations around the world, and visiting the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is an exceptional value for both locals and visitors.

Dress code and etiquette guidelines for visiting the Mosque of Ibn Tulun

Let's talk about the dress code and etiquette guidelines of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun today. If you're planning to visit this breathtaking mosque, make sure to follow these guidelines to show respect and admiration for the culture and religion of the local community.

When it comes to dress code, especially for women, it is important to dress modestly. This means covering your hair, arms, and legs. You can wear a headscarf or a hijab to cover your hair. It is preferable to wear loose-fitting clothes that cover your body properly. Avoid tight-fitting jeans, shorts, sleeveless shirts, or clothes that show too much skin. It is also a good idea to wear socks to cover your feet.

Men are required to also dress modestly. It is recommended to wear pants and a shirt that covers your shoulders and elbows. Avoid wearing shorts or clothes that are too tight. Socks should also be worn to cover your feet.

Another important aspect of visiting the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is proper etiquette. It is important to enter the mosque in a calm and respectful manner. Keep in mind that this is a place of worship. Therefore, avoid talking loudly or using your phone while inside the mosque.

Take off your shoes before entering the mosque. This is a common practice in many mosques and is considered a sign of respect. Once inside, find a designated area to sit in and try not to block the walkways.

While inside the mosque, it is important to be conscious of your behavior and actions. Avoid touching the walls or any decorations inside the mosque. It is also important to refrain from taking pictures of people during their prayers. If you do wish to take pictures, do so only after seeking permission from the mosque officials.

Finally, it is important to remember that the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is a sacred place for Muslims. Therefore, it is important to treat it with respect and admiration. Respect the rules and guidelines set by the mosque officials and make sure to have a positive and peaceful mindset when visiting this beautiful landmark.

What is the cultural significance of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Egypt?

Well, there are several reasons. First and foremost, it represents a key moment in the history of Islamic architecture. You see, before the construction of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, most Islamic places of worship were designed as either a hypostyle mosque or a central-plan mosque. However, this mosque introduced a new style that would later become known as the "Tulunid style." This style featured a large open courtyard surrounded by arcades and domed chambers. It was a departure from the traditional approaches of that time and marked the beginning of a new era in Islamic architecture.

In addition to its architectural importance, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun also has great cultural significance. Muslims from all over the world come to visit this mosque to experience its unique beauty and soak up its history. For one thing, the mosque houses several unusual and visually striking features that set it apart from other mosques. The most distinctive of these features is the spiral minaret that stands at the southeast corner of the mosque. With its unique design and height of 147 feet, this minaret is a true marvel of Islamic architectural history.

Furthermore, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is renowned for its intricate artistic details. The geometric patterns that adorn the walls and ceilings of the mosque are truly breathtaking, and they are a testament to the skill and creativity of the artisans who crafted them. In particular, the stucco carvings that decorate the mosque are truly unique. They feature abstract designs and motifs that echo those found in Islamic art across the centuries.

But the cultural significance of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun does not stop there. In fact, the mosque has played an important role in the spiritual and cultural life of the Egyptian people for centuries. Many important religious and cultural events have taken place within its walls, and it is a site of great importance to the many Muslims who live in Egypt and beyond.

Other sites to explore in the area while on an Egypt tour 

First up, let's talk about the Gayer-Anderson Museum. This is a true gem and is located in a stunning 17th-century mansion. The mansion was once home to a British officer who fell in love with Egyptian culture and decided to stay in Egypt for the rest of his life. His name was Major John Gayer-Anderson and he amassed an incredible collection of Egyptian artifacts. You can now explore the mansion and see these artifacts for yourself! From ancient pottery to intricate textiles, this museum has it all.

Next on the list is the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan. This is a serious contender for one of the most impressive mosques in all of Egypt. The mosque was built way back in the 14th century and took a whopping seven years to complete! When you step inside, you'll be blown away by the soaring arches and intricate details on the walls. This mosque is a true marvel of engineering and design.

Moving on, we have Al-Azhar Park. This is the perfect place to go if you want to escape the hustle and bustle of the city for a little while. The park is incredibly green and peaceful, with plenty of wide-open spaces to relax in. But, that's not all! The park also has some great views of the city skyline and is home to several restaurants and cafes where you can grab a bite to eat or a refreshing drink.

Last but certainly not least is the Cairo Citadel. This is an imposing fortress that sits atop a hill and overlooks the entire city of Cairo. The citadel was built in the 12th century and has since served as a military stronghold, a palace, and even a prison! Nowadays, it's open to the public and is home to several museums and exhibits that showcase Egypt's rich history. The views from the top of the citadel are truly breathtaking and are not to be missed!

Local customs and traditions to keep in mind when visiting the Ibn Tulun Mosque

If you're not sure what to do or where to go, ask one of the attendants or a worshipper for guidance. They will be happy to assist you and provide helpful information.

While inside the mosque, it's important to behave in a respectful and dignified manner. This means refraining from taking photos or making unnecessary noise. Remember that the mosque is a sacred place of worship for many people, and it's important to show respect for their beliefs and traditions.

Another important custom to keep in mind is that Muslims pray five times a day, and there may be prayer services taking place while you're visiting. Be aware of the prayer times, and try to avoid visiting during these times if possible. If you do need to be inside the mosque during prayer, be respectful and do not interrupt or disturb the worshippers.

It's also important to remember that the mosque is a historical and cultural site, as well as a place of worship. Take the time to learn about the history and significance of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun. This will enrich your experience and help you to appreciate the importance of this site to the local community.

FAQs about the Mosque of Ibn Tulun

Why is the Mosque of Ibn Tulun important?

So, what makes this mosque so significant? Well, for starters, it is the oldest mosque in Cairo that is still intact. While many other mosques were either destroyed or fell into disrepair over the centuries, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun has survived thanks to a series of restorations throughout the centuries.

But it's not just its age that makes the mosque important. It is also unique in its design. The mosque is built in the style of a hypostyle hall, with a large central courtyard surrounded by a series of columns. This design was not common during the time it was built and was likely influenced by older mosques in Syria and Iraq.

How old is the Mosque Ibn Tulun?

The Mosque Ibn Tulun is located in Cairo, Egypt, and is considered one of the oldest mosques in the city. Its construction began in the year 876 AD and was completed in 879 AD under the rule of Ahmad ibn Tulun, the founder of the Tulunid dynasty.

What was the purpose of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun?

First and foremost, the mosque was intended to serve as a religious center for the people of Cairo. Islam was the dominant religion of the region and the mosque played a critical role in facilitating religious practices and serving as a gathering place for the community to come together and worship in a peaceful setting. 

In addition to religious purposes, the Mosque also served as a cultural and political center. The Abbasid Caliphate was trying to establish its presence in Egypt, and building such a grand structure helped to legitimize its authority and show its strength. The mosque was also used for administrative purposes, as it housed the offices of the governor of Egypt.

What materials were used to build the Ibn Tulun Mosque?

First and foremost, let's talk about one of the primary building blocks of the Ibn Tulun Mosque; red brick. That's right, the majority of the mosque's structure is created from solid clay bricks. These bricks were locally sourced, made from mud which was left to dry in the Egyptian sun. These adobe bricks were then used to build the walls of the mosque, which are over a meter thick in places! The bricks were also used to construct the arches and buttresses which are such iconic features of the building's design. The choice of brick as a building material was a wise one, as it is durable, affordable, and easy to shape.

Now, let's talk about a slightly less prevalent material used in constructing the mosque. Limestone was also utilized in certain places, particularly for the decorative elements of the building. For example, some of the walls are made up of intricate limestone carvings, which are both beautiful and functional in providing extra support. Additionally, the delicate minaret, which is a cylindrical tower attached to many mosques, was also constructed with limestone. This material was likely chosen for these areas due to its aesthetic value; limestone can be easily carved and formed into all manner of shapes and patterns, making it ideal for intricate details and flourishes.

Another highly prevalent material in the construction of the Ibn Tulun Mosque was wood. This was used primarily for the mosque's roof, which is a stunning example of traditional Islamic carpentry. The timbers used were locally sourced and treated to stand up to the harsh Egyptian weather. The roof itself was covered in palm fronds which were woven into mats and laid in overlapping layers. This not only served to protect the building from the elements but also provided much-needed insulation in the hot desert climate.

Finally, we have a material that's often overlooked in discussions of historic building construction; earth. Yes, that's right, plain old dirt played a crucial role in the building of the Ibn Tulun Mosque. One example of earth being used in the mosque's construction is in the qibla wall. This is the wall that faces Mecca, and at the center of it lies the mihrab, the niche that a prayer leader would be positioned. This wall was constructed of mud/dirt around an iron frame, then finished with a layer of plaster. The use of earth in this case might seem a little less glamorous than brick or limestone, but it served its purpose well in keeping the wall sturdy and functional.